cd, .; lsrsu ioyd wjYH Wmdx.

o;a; iusfma%IKh i,lk jsg mrs.Kl cd, iusfma%IK udOH" fm%dfgdflda,a ( PROTOCOL ) yd fudvus ( MODEM ) hk ixl,am m%udKj;a jk kuq;a mrs.Kl f,dalfha oshqKj;a iuÛ fuhg wu;r iqjsfYaIs Wmdx. lsysmhla oelajsh yelsh' fuhg fya;=j jkafka cd, l%ufha mj;sk fkdfhla ¥rAj,lus uÛ yrjd .ekSug ms<shus f,i fuu Wmdx. Ndjs;d lsrsuhs'

BRIDGE, GATEWAYS, ROUTERS, HUB, REPEATERS, SWITCHES, MODEM

mrs.Kl cd,hl ls%hdldrs;ajh hkq fkgsjrAla kdvs ( NETWORK CARD ) keue;s oDvdx. ( HARDWARE ) Wmdx.h jk wod, fm%dfgdflda,a [ PROTOCOL ( TCP/IP ) ] tl ls%hdldrs js jsjsO fiajdjka ioyd uÛ mdohs' fuu ls%hdldrs;ajh ia:r ( LAYERS ) y;rlska oelajsh yelsh'

wema,sflaIka f,ahrA -    APPLICATION LAYER

gS iS mS f,ahrA      -    TCP LAYER

whss mS f,ahrA       -    IP LAYER

*sisl,a f,ahrA      -    PHYSICAL LAYER

fuysos oDvdx. (HARDWARE ) ia:rh *sisl,a f,ahrA jYfhka olajd we;s w;r ta u; whs ms f,ahrA ls%hd;aul fjs' gS iS mS yd whs mS hkq uD¥ldx. ( SOFTWARE LAYER ) folla nj ioydka l, hq;=hs' gS iS mS f,ahrh u; jsoaHq;a ;eme,a ( E-MAIL ) jeks wema,sflaIka f,ahrA ls%hd lrhs'