cd, .; lsrsu ioyd wjYH Wmdx.

o;a; iusfma%IKh i,lk jsg mrs.Kl cd, iusfma%IK udOH" fm%dfgdflda,a ( PROTOCOL ) yd fudvus ( MODEM ) hk ixl,am m%udKj;a jk kuq;a mrs.Kl f,dalfha oshqKj;a iuÛ fuhg wu;r iqjsfYaIs Wmdx. lsysmhla oelajsh yelsh' fuhg fya;=j jkafka cd, l%ufha mj;sk fkdfhla ¥rAj,lus uÛ yrjd .ekSug ms<shus f,i fuu Wmdx. Ndjs;d lsrsuhs'

BRIDGE, GATEWAYS, ROUTERS, HUB, REPEATERS, SWITCHES, MODEM

mrs.Kl cd,hl ls%hdldrs;ajh hkq fkgsjrAla kdvs ( NETWORK CARD ) keue;s oDvdx. ( HARDWARE ) Wmdx.h jk wod, fm%dfgdflda,a [ PROTOCOL ( TCP/IP ) ] tl ls%hdldrs js jsjsO fiajdjka ioyd uÛ mdohs' fuu ls%hdldrs;ajh ia:r ( LAYERS ) y;rlska oelajsh yelsh'

wema,sflaIka f,ahrA -    APPLICATION LAYER

gS iS mS f,ahrA      -    TCP LAYER

whss mS f,ahrA       -    IP LAYER

*sisl,a f,ahrA      -    PHYSICAL LAYER

fuysos oDvdx. (HARDWARE ) ia:rh *sisl,a f,ahrA jYfhka olajd we;s w;r ta u; whs ms f,ahrA ls%hd;aul fjs' gS iS mS yd whs mS hkq uD¥ldx. ( SOFTWARE LAYER ) folla nj ioydka l, hq;=hs' gS iS mS f,ahrh u; jsoaHq;a ;eme,a ( E-MAIL ) jeks wema,sflaIka f,ahrA ls%hd lrhs'

COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGY

mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

                                     

mrs.Kl cd, iEoSu ioyd Ndjs;d lrk mrs.Kl iïnkaO lrkq ,nk wdldr lsysmhla jk w;r tajd wkqj wod, cd, uÛska .; yels m%fhdack tlsfklg fjkia fjs' tkï cd, wNHka;rfhys we;s f;dr;+re yqjudre jk wdldrh wkqj tajdfha ;dÌKl jeo.;aluo fjkia fjs' cd,hla ioyd mrs.Kl iïnkaO l, yels wdldr lsysmhla mj;sk w;r tajd cd, wdldr Network Topology jYfhka y¥kajkq ,efns' Network Topology m%Odk jYfhka fldgia y;rlg fnod fjka fldg oelajsh yelsh' tfiau cd, j, fN!;sl ,ÌK wkqj fï wdldrhg fnod fjka fldg oelajsh yelsh' tajd kï"

               BUS Topology    –  nia wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

               RING Topology  –  j<,q wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

               STAR Topology  –  ;drld wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

               MESH Topology –  oe,l wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

BUS Topology    –  nia wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

uOHfha jsYd, m%udKhl mrs.Klhla ;nd ;drldjl yevhg l%uhla mrs.Kl wuqKd iE¥ cd,hla ( NETWORK ) fuu kuska yeoskafjs' fuys uOH mrs.Klh fydiags mrs.Klhla ( HOST COMPUTER ) fyda *hs,a irAjrA ( FILE SERVER ) tlla jsug ms<sjk' fujeks cd,hl is¥jk iEu ikaksfjsokhlau uOH mrs.Kl yryd is¥ fjs' ld,h fnod oSfus ( TIME SHARING ) l%uh u; mokusj fiajh iemhSu uOH mrs.Klh u.ska md,kh lrkq ,efns'la,hkags mrs.Kl ( CLIENT COMPUTER ) lsysmhlg fiajh imhk fujeks mrs.Kl moaO;s la,hkags irAjrA moaO;shla ( CLIENT SERVER SYSTEM ) W∞yKhla f,i oelajsh yelsh' kq;k ;drld wdldr mrs.Kl cd, ( STAR NETWORK ) iEoSfusos uOHfha yns ( HUB ) keue;s WmlrKhla ;nd thg mrs.Kl iusnkaO lsrsu is¥ lrkq ,nhs'

RING Topology  –  j<,q wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

iEu mrs.Klhlau ;j;a mrs.Kl folla iusnkaO jk f,I fuu cd,h ( NETWORK ) idokq ,nhs' fuysos m%Odk mrs.Klhla fyda *hs,a irAjrA ( FILE SERVER ) tlla oelsh fkdyelsh' j,,q l%uh nia l%uhg jvd idrA:l l%uhla jk w;r thg fya;=j jkafka cd, yryd .,k f;dr;=re iEu mrs.Klhla yrydu .uka lrk nejsks' tkus A yd C mrs.Kl fol w;r B mrs.Klh we;akus B uÛyer A yd C fofokdg f;dr;=re yqjudre l, fkdyelsh' fuu cd, ioyd uhslafrda fyda fuskafma%us mrs.Kl ( MICRO & MAINFRAME COMPUTER ) Ndjs;d lsrsu l,d;=rlska is¥ fjs'

STAR Topology  –  ;drld wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

                                      

mrs.Klhl ish,a,u iajdOSkj jevl, yels wdldrhg f.dvke.sh yels cd,hla f,i nia fkgsjrAla ( BUS NETWORK ) yeoskajsh yelsh' fuu cd, ;=, jsfYaI jq fydiags mrs.Klhla ( HOST COMPUTER ) oelsh fkdyels w;r iEu mrs.Klhlau fydiags mrs.Klhla ( HOST COMPUTER ) f,i ls%hd lrhs' fuysos ikaksfjSokh lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re fhd∞ nia ,hska (BUS LINE ) tlla u; .uka lrkq ,nhs' fufia .uka lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re w∞, fkdavs ( NODE ) tl uÛska fidhd .kq ,nhs' fuu cd,h ;=, we;s mrs.Klhla irAjrA mrs.Klhla fukau l,hkags mrs.Klhla f,io ls%hd lsrsug mqΩjks' isus; mrs.Kl ixLHdjla Ndjs;d lr cd,hla ( NETWORK ) iEoSfuSos fuu l%uh Ndjs;d flfrA' fuu l%uh cd, ( NETWORK ) ioyd idrA:l l%uhla fkdfjs' tfy;a us, wOsl fkdjk ksid fuh f,dalh mqrd Ndjs;d fjs'

MESH Topology –  oe,l wdldr mrs.Kl cd, wdldr

TYPE OF COMPUTER NETWORK

mrs.Kl Pd, jrA.

f,dalfha mj;sk mrs.Kl Pd, .;a l, m%Odk jYfhka Pd, jrA. ;+klg fnod fjka fldg oelajsh yel'

                                                                 LAN  – Local Area Network

                                                                 MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

                                                                 WAN – Wide Area Network

LAN  – Local Area Network

LAN fyj;a Local Area Network  hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha fN!;sl jYfhka t;rï jsYd, fkdjq tla f.dvke.s,a,l jHdmA; jS we;s mrs.Kl Pd,hla  local  Area Network  tlla f,i y¥kajhs. fuysos  cd, Wmdx. f,i   Network  Card  Modem ¥rl:k reyeka Coaxial  Cable , Towisted pair Cable and Fiber  Optic Cable  Ndjs;d lrhs.

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

Man  fyj;a Metropolitain  Area  Network hkqfjka  woyia flfrAkqfha  jsYd, kd.rsl m%foaYhl jsisrs .sh wdh;khl jsjsO  YdLd mrs.Kl Pd,.; lsrsu is¥jqjfyd;a  Mjeks Pd,  Metropolitain  Area  Network   f,i y¥kajhs . fujeks mrs.Kl  Pd, ioyd jsYd, mrs.Kl m%udkhla we;s w;r fndfyda iusm;a  mqudKhla o wvx.+ lr we;.  f.dvke.s,s w;r ksoyia udOH  Tiafia fuu jra.fha Pd, jsysfok w;r iusfma%IK udOH f,i  ¥rl;k reyeka, Pd,lrK reyeka ,Fiber Optic And  CI∞ ;rx.  udOHka fhdod .eksug is¥ fjs. ;jo fuu udOHfha o;a; iusfma%IKh b;d by, ugsgul mj;s.

WAN – Wide Area Network

WAN fyj;a  Wide Area Network hkqfjka woyia flfrAkqfha b;d jsYd, mrs.Kl Pd,hls' fujeks Pd,hka jsYd, m%foaYhla rgla fyda f,dj mqrd jsysos mj;s' idudkH udOH yereKq fldg iqÌu  ;rx. ( Micro Wave ) yd pkaøsld ;dÌKho ( Satelite ) fuu l%ufhaos oelsh yelsh' WAN tlla ;+, LAN yd MAN jrA.fha cd, jsYd, m%udKhla wvx.+ jsh yelsh' fï ioyd fydou WµyrKhla f,i wka;rAcd,h ( Internet ) oelajsh yelsh'

WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORKING ?

mrs.Kl Pd,hla hkq ?

 mrs.Kl Pd,lrKh hkq uq,sl jYfhka .;a l, mrs.Kl folla fyda Bg jevs m%udKhla l=uk fyda udOHhla Ndjs;d lruska tlsfklg iïnkaO lsrsuhs" mrs.Kl Pd,lrKfha   m%Odk wruqK jkqfha tla tla mrs.Kl ;=, we;s f;dr;=re yd o;a; wfkl=;a mrs.Kl yd yqjudre lr .eksuhs"

  uq,sl jYfhka mrs.Kl folla Network lsrsug Computer folla Network Interface Card  folla Crossed Over Cable tlla wjYH fjs"  

Crossed Over Cable tlla Wire Connect jS we;s wdldrh my; mrsos fjs"

  tfiau mrs.Khla Network Switch iuÛ iïnkaO lsrsfusos Stratgth Cable tlla Ndjs;d lrkq ,efns" Stratgth Cable tll Wire Connect jS we;s wdldrh my; mrsos fjs"

mrs.Kl Pd,.; lsrsfuska we;sjk jdis

mrs.Kl fjkaj ;ensug jvd Pd,.; lsrsfuka jsjsOdldrfha m%fhdaPk reila ,nd .; yelsh"

iïm;a fnod .eksug yelsjSu" WodyrK f,i tla ms%kagrhla Pd,.; lsrsu uÛska th lsysmfofkl=g Ndjs;d lsrsug ie,eiajSu"

lsysmfofkl=g wjYH jk mrs.Kl jevigyka tla mrs.Klhg fhdod th ieug Ndjs;d lsrsug ie,eiajSu" fuuÛska  mrs.Kl j, bv ( Capacity ) b;srs lr .ekSug yelshdj we;" 

mKsjsv yqjudrejg kjux ilid .; yels jSu" fuu fya;=j u; E-Mail , Fax , Video Phone wdoS l%u nsysjsu ksid tajd b;d fõ.j;aj yd ,dNodhs f,i is¥lr .; yelsjsu"  

 mrs.Kl Pd,.; lsrsfuska we;sjk wjdis

tla mrs.Klhla ;=,g  mrs.Kl jhsrihla ( Computer Virus ) we;=Ω jqjfyd;a  mrs.Kl Pd,fha iEu  mrs.Klhlu oDvdx. yd uD¥ldx. ( Hardware & Software ) j,g ydkS is¥ lsrsu , mrs.Kl Pd,.;  lsrsu uÛska we;sjk jsjsO .egΩ ,  mrs.Kl Pd,.;  lsrsu uÛska ,efnk jdis ksid uelS hk w;r tlS .egΩ iπyd kj ;dÌKh  uÛska jsjsO jq ms<shï o fhdod we;"          

COMPUTER NETWORKING HISTORY"

mrs.Kl Pd,lrKfha b;sydih

mrs.Klfha oshqKqj;a iuÛu ñksidg mrs.Kl Pd,lrKfha wjYH;djh ;oskau oefkkakg jq nejska mrs.Kl jsoHd{ JCR Licklider woyilg wkqj fkdfhl+;a mrAfhaIK .Kkkdhlska miq jrAI 1963 Tlaf;daïnrA udifha wefurslka wdrÌl fomdrA;fuka;+jg  ARPANET ( Advanced Research Project Agency Network ) kuska mrs.Kl Pd,lrK moaO;shla Tyq jsiska ksrAudKh fldg fok ,os" l%ufhka mrs.Kl Pd,lrKfha oshqKqj;a iuÛu jrAI 1974 oS Ethernet f,djg y¥kajdfok ,oS" jrAI 1978 muK jk jsg Modem yryd Dialup Connection Ndjs;fhka Data Communication ;j ¥rg;a oshqKq ;;ajhg m;a jsh" jrAI 1981 oS Bill Joy jsiska uq,skau TCP/IP Protocol hka Tiafia Unix fufyhqï moaO;sh uÛska Data Communication l, yels nj f,djg fy,s lf,ah" fï wdldrfhka mrs.Kl Pd,lrKfha oshqKqj;a iuÛu  jrAI 1991 oS Tim Berners-Lee jsiska m%:u jrg Web Server tkï WWW ( World Wide Web ) f,djg y¥kajdfok ,oS" l%ufhka mrs.Kl Pd,lrKh osfkka osk oshqKq ugsgulg m;a fjuska jrA:udkfha uq,q f,dju tlu mrs.Kl Pd,hla njg m;a jS ;sfns"